1. Loss of consciousness.
2. Absence of pulses/heart sounds.
3. Pallor. If the cardiac arrest is secondary to respiratory arrest/
obstruction of the patient the patient may be cyanosed.
4. Dilation and fixation of the pupils. Pupils may take up to 3 minutes to reach maximum dilation but this is much quicker if there has been any hypoxia preceding cardiac arrest. Respiratory arrest usually follows cardiac arrest within 2-3 breaths.
FIRST AID TREATMENT:
1. STOP.
2. Summon assistance and phone 999.
3. Note the time of arrest.
4. Shake the patient.
5. Clear and maintain the airway.
6. Commence cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) which comprises artificial ventilation and chest compression: one first aider: 2 breaths to 15 compressions two first aiders: 1 breath to 5 compressions.
7. Monitor pulse (central) and respiration periodically.
8. Maintain until spontaneous respiration/pulsation returns or help arrives.
When cardiac arrest has occurred whilst under general anaesthetic
make use of:
(1) endotracheal intubation and artificial ventilation